Becoming a NZ citizen
A DigitalNZ Story by Zokoroa
Journey behind granting NZ citizenship from 6 Sept 1948 to those who'd either been born British subjects or naturalised (granted citizenship)
Citizenship, British subjects, Naturalisation, Citizens, Ceremonies, Nationality
On 6 September 1948, NZ passed the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 which gave New Zealand citizenship to all current residents who had been either born British subjects or later naturalised (granted citizenship). Previously, since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, people born in the British Empire living in NZ (including Māori) and their NZ-born descendants were regarded as British subjects/citizens. Non-British were termed 'aliens' and could become citizens through naturalisation. During World War I and II, 'aliens' from countries NZ was at war with were regarded as 'suspect' and were called 'enemy aliens' with restrictions placed on their movement and employment.
Nowadays, at public ceremonies, groups of new NZ citizens are sworn allegiance to the British monarch and loyalty to New Zealand by oath or affirmation, and are presented with their certificates. The Citizenship Office of the Department of Internal Affairs handles all applications for New Zealand citizenship.
Citizenship ceremony at Ōtara: 28 people took oath of allegiance, including S. African, Dutch, Chinese & Hungarian, 1964
Citizenship ceremony, Otara, 1964
Auckland Libraries
Three South African born children became NZ citizens in Ōtara, 1964
New citizens, Ōtara, 1964
Auckland Libraries
NZ Citizenship ceremony with Levin's Mayor Claude Fuller, 1969
N.Z. Citizenship ceremony, 1969
Kete Horowhenua
Korean family with their nationalisation certificates presented at Wellington, 1979
Jung Lee and his family holding their nationalisation certificates - Photograph taken by Ron Fox
Alexander Turnbull Library
NZ citizenship ceremony with Mayor of Napier, Alan Dick, 1993
Hans-Hasso Weichbrodt was given New Zealand citizenship
MTG Hawke's Bay
NZ citizenship ceremony held at Rapaki Marae, 6 Feb 2014
Rapaki Marae citizenship ceremony
Christchurch City Libraries
Privileges and responsibilities of a citizen
As set out on the Govt.nz website:
"When you become a New Zealand citizen, you will have the same privileges as a person who was born here. You will also have the same responsibilities.
Your privileges: You are entitled to: live in New Zealand indefinitely; travel overseas on a New Zealand passport; vote; stand for parliament or local government; have full access to education; have full economic and social rights; represent New Zealand in sports.
Your responsibilities: You must: obey and promote the laws of New Zealand; not act in a way that is against the interests of New Zealand; register on the electoral roll — you do not have to vote, but you must enrol to vote; pay tax; behave as a responsible New Zealander.
Journey TO BECOMING a NZ citizen SINCE 1840
From 1840 until 1 January 1949, people born in the British Empire living in New Zealand (including Māori) and their New Zealand-born descendants were regarded as British subjects/citizens. Non-British were called ‘aliens’ who could enter and live in NZ but had restrictions on land ownership and forms of occupation. Through naturalisation 'aliens' could become British citizens. However, in 1908, Chinese were excluded from naturalisation. During the First and Second World Wars, 'aliens' were regarded as ‘suspect’ and called 'enemy aliens'. A series of War Regulations were passed during World War I which required them to register with the police and placed restrictions on their movement and forms of employment. Around 450 'enemy aliens' considered a security risk were imprisoned on Somes/Matiu Island in the Wellington Harbour and Motuihe Island in the Waitemata Harbour, Auckland.
Post World War II, New Zealand adopted the British Statute of Westminster (1931) in 1947, which required the establishing of its own citizenship distinct from British citizenship. The following year, NZ passed the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 and the Aliens Act on 6 September 1948 which allowed any alien, except Chinese, to become naturalised New Zealand citizens. From 1 January 1949 people were designated either New Zealand citizens or ‘Aliens’, until the Citizenship Act 1977 removed the term 'Aliens' from official use. Thereafter, naturalisation gave the person New Zealand citizenship, whereas previously it had given British citizenship. In 1951 the Government permitted the naturalisation of Chinese in NZ again. Eventually, in 1986 the immigration status of Chinese and Europeans was made the same.
1. Post-Treaty of Waitangi (1840) -
From 1840, NZ became a British colony after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi
People born in the British Empire living in NZ & their NZ-born descendants became British subjects
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Māori gained ‘all the Rights and Privileges of British Subjects’ under Article Three of the Treaty of Waitangi
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
The status of Māori as British subjects was confirmed by the Native Rights Act 1865
The University of Auckland Library
Non-Britons (termed ‘aliens’) could enter & live in the British Empire but could not own or inherit land
(Image: Akaroa, on the Banks Peninsula, was settled in 1840 by French migrants)
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
French settlers in Akaroa, 1840
(Image: 62 French people arrived at Akaroa in 1840 aboard the Comte de Paris. Accompanying them was a German family.)
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
From 1840s-1860s, Germans established rural settlements, including in the Tasman area, Puhoi, & Dargaville
(Image: Rockstow family in Manawatū, 1890s. The mother was born in Germany & had migrated with her parents in 1840)
Palmerston North City Library
2. Nationalisation began in 1844
Following objections by French & German settlers over property rights, naturalisation began in 1844
Ordinances & Acts between 1844-1865 listed names of those who were naturalised & some were backdated to their arrival
National Library of New Zealand
The New Munster Naturalization Ordinance in 1849
Listed those deemed "natural born subjects of Her Majesty". (Bishop Pompallier was amongst those naturalised in 1851.)
The University of Auckland Library
From 1851-1866, aliens were given temporary naturalisation until the next session of the legislature when re-enacted
National Library of New Zealand
Wong Ahpoo Hock Ting (known as Appo Hocton) was naturalised in 1852
arrived in Nelson in 1842 & established a cartage business
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Aliens Act 1866 allowed aliens to be naturalised by letters from the Governor without any requirement of owning land
Aliens could also lease land for a period of 21 years. Alien women marrying British subjects were deemed naturalised.
The University of Auckland Library
Aliens Act 1870
Removed all restrictions on not being able to own or inherit land
The University of Auckland Library
Oath of Allegiance (Promissory Oaths Act, 15 September 1873) :
" I do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Her Heirs and Successors, according to law. So help me God."
The Aliens Act, 1880
The Act set out application process & taking the Oath of Allegiance prescribed by “The Promissory Oaths Act 1873”
The University of Auckland Library
The Chinese Immigrants Act 1881
A restriction was placed on ships’ passengers: one Chinese per 10 tons of cargo in 1881 & one per 200 tons in 1896
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
The Chinese Immigrants Act 1881 also introduced a ‘poll tax’ of £10 which was increased to £100 in 1896
The poll tax was waived by the Minister of Customs in 1934, & eventually repealed in 1944
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Application from Gottfried Lindauer to be naturalised, 1881
Lindauer was born in Bohemia (now Czech Republic) & became well-known for his paintings of NZ scenes & Māori portraits
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Aliens Act Amendment 1882
A child of a naturalised father or widowed mother resident with the parent in NZ during infancy was deemed naturalised
The University of Auckland Library
Aliens Act Amendment Act 1892
All fees for naturalisation were abolished, except in the case of Chinese who were to pay £1
The University of Auckland Library
German-born Robert Nicolai applied for naturalisation in 1899
His request was granted
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
German-born Eleonore Blumhardt, a domestic servant living in Kamo, was granted naturalisation in 1905
She had arrived in NZ in 1895 with her father & four brothers
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
After 1907, all Chinese arrivals were required to sit an English reading test of 100 words
(Legislation against Chinese people in NZ continued to be enacted during 1900s, as seen from this list from 1901-1944)
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Between 1908 and 1951 Chinese were denied naturalisation which led to them rallying against this discrimination
From 1908 Chinese who wished to leave NZ temporarily needed re-entry permits, which were thumbprinted
National Library of New Zealand
3. First World War, 1914-1918: 'Enemy aliens'
Under the War Regulations Act 1914, any person born in a country at war with the British Empire – including those who had subsequently been naturalised as British citizens – was classified an 'enemy alien'. From May 1916, their New Zealand-born wives were also considered enemy aliens. All adult aliens had to register with their local police, which led to 4000 Germans and 2000 Austro-Hungarians being registered. The Act and its Amendments allowed aliens to be detained or their activities monitored and restricted, including forms of employment. During 1914-1918, around 450 'enemy aliens' considered a security risk were imprisoned on Somes/Matiu Island in the Wellington Harbour and Motuihe Island in the Waitemata Harbour, Auckland. An Alien Enemies Commission was established on 8 June 1915, first under the Department of Internal Affairs, and later Justice, to hear objections by aliens to their designated status (such as ‘disloyal’ or ‘enemy’ aliens) and to hear claims by aliens for exemption from internment.
Find out more: Tim Shoebridge, Index of New Zealand wartime laws and regulations, 1914-21. Ministry for Culture and Heritage, (Pdf)
In 1914, "The New Zealand citizen" by E.K. Mulgan & Alan E. Mulgan was published by Whitcombe & Tombs
Content covered the citizen's rights & duties and the work of government
Nelson Provincial Museum
War Regulations Act was passed on 2 Nov 1914 & was refined & updated during WWI
The Regulations for 'enemy aliens' included grounds for arrest & detention, & execution if found guilty of espionage
The University of Auckland Library
From 9 Dec 1914, all adult aliens had to register with local police until centralisation introduced in Sept 1917
Around 4000 Germans & 2000 Austro-Hungarians were registered as 'enemy aliens' including those who were naturalised
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
17 Dec 1914: Enemy aliens can’t change their names (except by marriage)
National Library of New Zealand
No-one could communicate with prisoners of war except through post office, or act as intermediary for alien enemy mail
Also, no-one could communicate with any person or company in an enemy country
Wairarapa Archive
From May 1916, NZ-born wives of enemy aliens were similarly classified
(Image: Miriam who had married Croatian immigrant Peter Soljak lost her NZ nationality & had to register as an alien)
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Enemy aliens interned on Somes Island & Motuihe Island
From Sept 1914, the Minister of Defence had discretion to intern 'enemy aliens' on Somes Island & Motuihe Island
(Image: Businessman Gustav Kronfeld, though naturalised in 1893, came under suspicion because of his German birth)
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Somes Island, Wellington:
Around 300 enemy aliens considered a risk to NZ security were held on Somes Island (Matiu) in the Wellington Harbour
More than 20 of the internees were naturalised British subjects who, in effect, had their citizenship rights removed
Alexander Turnbull Library
Motuihe was an internment camp not a prisoner of war camp
Auckland Libraries
Detainees included reservists in enemy forces, passengers & crew from visiting ships, & suspected enemy sympathisers
Alexander Turnbull Library
Guards on Somes Island during World War 1
Alexander Turnbull Library
German internees on Somes Island
Alexander Turnbull Library
Germans on Somes Island
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Handicrafts by German & Austro-Hungarian internees were made as family gifts or for sale for pocket money
(Image: Working with pāua shell)
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
(Image: e inside of the lid was decorated with an image of Somes Island)
Box
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Motuihe Island in Waitemata Harbour, Auckland:
Around 150 enemy aliens were detained on Motuihe in the Waitemata Harbour
Auckland Libraries
The internees had the freedom of the island except they had to be in their quarters by 6 pm
Auckland Libraries
German internees, Motuihe Island
Auckland Libraries
Guards at German internment camp, Motuihe Island, 1917
Auckland Libraries
German internees, Motuihe Island, 1917
Auckland Libraries
Guard at German internment camp, Motuihe Island, 1917
Auckland Libraries
Guards at German internment camp, Motuihe Island
Auckland Libraries
After being captured in Fiji in Sept 1917, German naval captain Count Felix von Luckner was imprisoned on Motuihe Island
Auckland Libraries
Count von Luckner & 10 others escaped the island aboard the Commandant's launch 'The Pearl' in Dec 1917
Auckland Libraries
After anchoring at Red Mercury Island, the escapees seized the scow Moa & sailed to the Kermadecs
Auckland Libraries
This sextant (navigational instrument) was made on Motuihe Island & was used to navigate to the Kermadecs
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
The sextant was made from hinges, a mirror, a penny, a safety razor & the brass tank of a primus stove
Auckland Libraries
Von Luckner & the escapees were recaptured in the Kermadecs on 21 Dec 1917 by those pursuing aboard the Iris
After 3 wks in Mt Eden Prison, followed by Ripapa Island (Lyttelton Harbour), von Luckner taken to Motuihe on 9 May 1918
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
In Dec 1918, von Luckner & interned Germans were transferred from Motuihe Island to the camp at Narrow Neck, Auckland
They were repatriated in May 1919 to Germany.
Auckland Libraries
Further Acts & Regulations imposed on alien enemies during WWI:
In 1915, Public Service Commissioners advised "All Germans not naturalised are to be removed from the public service"
Germans who are naturalised British subjects are to be suspended unless considered loyal
National Library of New Zealand
An Alien Enemies Commission was established on 8 June 1915 first under the Dept. of Internal Affairs, & later Justice
Heard objections by aliens to their designated status (eg ‘disloyal’ or ‘enemy’ aliens) & exemptions from internment
National Library of New Zealand
Alien Enemy Teachers Act, 11 Oct 1915 which was later repealed in Nov 1927
Prohibited teachers who were not a "British subject by birth, naturalization or otherwise" of any state NZ was at war
The University of Auckland Library
From early 1916 the government began to restrict the property rights of enemy aliens in NZ
Under certain circumstances assets could be liquidated to help fund war effort, & property couldn't be included in wills
National Library of New Zealand
From April 1916 the Attorney-General was empowered to appoint the Public Trustee as custodian of enemy property
Aliens required to register property & enemy companies (mainly overseas' interests in NZ) to surrender income to Govt
National Library of New Zealand
A 1916 War Regulation also prohibited aliens from engaging in foreign trade unless they were also a British subject
Any shares held in a NZ company's business to be vested in a custodian of enemy property
National Library of New Zealand
Revocation of Naturalization Act, 15 Sept 1917 listed grounds for revoking citizenship
Threat to “welfare or defence of the realm, or the peace and good government...or otherwise on grounds of public policy"
The University of Auckland Library
Registration of Aliens Act, 28 Sept 1917
Every alien to register with the police within 28 days of the Act being passed (suspended August 1923)
The University of Auckland Library
War Regulations for the safety of ships and cargoes, 10 Oct 1917
From 17 Oct, no enemy alien or naturalised alien can be engaged in loading or unloading a ship or work on wharves
National Library of New Zealand
War Legislation Act 31 Oct 1917: Supreme Court may forfeit any land acquired by alien enemy since Aug 1914 to the Crown
Alien enemies were also banned from voting in local elections
National Library of New Zealand
In Dec 1917 a scheme was begun to investigate, register & supervise ‘Jugo-Slavs’, naturalised or not
John Cullen became Commissioner in charge of the Jugo-Slav Organisation Branch of the Defence Department
National Library of New Zealand
On 24 June 1918, an Alien Service Branch of the Defence Department supplanted the Jugo-Slav Organisation Branch
Enemy aliens could be directed into employment, eg public works (roading, railways, drainage) & local bodies work
National Library of New Zealand
4. Post-World War 1
Immigration Restriction Amendment Act, 9 Nov 1920
Required intending immigrants to apply for a permanent residence permit before arriving in NZ
The University of Auckland Library
Alien regulation was suspended in 1923, but re-imposed at the outbreak of World War II in 1939
The University of Auckland Library
British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1923 allowed for the naturalisation of residents of Western Samoa
They were exempted from the English language requirement
The University of Auckland Library
In 1925 the Department of Internal Affairs published a list of all aliens who had been naturalised in NZ
(Image: These 2 pages have handwritten additions of the names of people naturalised between 1925 & 1935)
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
British Nationality and Status of Aliens (in New Zealand) 1928
The Act allowed for the continued naturalisation of residents of Western Samoa without the English language requirement
The University of Auckland Library
5. World War II, 1939-1945
Alien regulations was re-imposed at the outbreak of World War II in 1939. As in World War I some aliens were interned, including people from Germany, Austria and Italy, as well as countries conquered by Germany.
Alien Control Emergency Regulations 1939 reimposed restrictions during WWII
(Article about an Italian being fined for possessing a motor car without a permit)
National Library of New Zealand
Enemy adult male aliens were interned on Somes Island in the Wellington Harbour from 23 Dec 1939
Treatment of the men was based on the Geneva Prisoners of War of Convention of 1929
Alexander Turnbull Library
The internees were moved to Pahiatua from 1943 - Sept 1944 when the anti-aircraft artillery battery was operational
They returned to Somes Island in Sept 1944 when the guns were removed
Alexander Turnbull Library
Towards end of 1945, the internees left Somes Islands
About 40 were released & the other directed to work priority projects such as railways, public works & mental hospitals
National Library of New Zealand
6. New Zealand citizenship, 1948 -
In 1947 New Zealand adopted the British Statute of Westminster (1931), which required the establishing of its own citizenship distinct from British citizenship. The following year, NZ passed the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 and the Aliens Act 1948 which allowed any alien, except Chinese, to become naturalised New Zealand citizens. From 1 January 1949 people were designated either New Zealand citizens or ‘Aliens’, until the Citizenship Act 1977 removed the term 'Aliens' from official use. Thereafter, naturalisation gave the person New Zealand citizenship, whereas previously it had given British citizenship. However, the electoral law (introduced in 1852) still required voters to be a ‘British subject’. This requirement changed in 1975 when "British subject was deleted, and voting eligbility was widened to allow permanent residents to vote, whether or not they had NZ citizenship. However, only citizens are allowed to become Members of Parliament.
Pacific countries:
- Tokelau: As Tokelau was formally annexed by New Zealand in 1948, Tokelauans were New Zealand citizens from 1 January 1949.
- The Cook Islands is self-governing in ‘free association’ with New Zealand since 11 June 1901. While it administers its own affairs, Cook Islanders are New Zealand citizens who are free to live and work in NZ.
- Niue is a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand since October 1974.
- Western Samoa achieved independence in 1962 which led to uncertainty over their NZ citizenship status and many were issued with temporary work permits. In 1982 the Privy Council ruled that all Western Samoans born between 1924 and 1948 were British subjects. Hence, in 1949 they and their descendants had become New Zealand citizens. The Citizenship (Western Samoa) Act 1982 overturned the Privy Council ruling. However, all Western Samoan citizens who were in NZ on 14 September 1982, and those subsequently granted permanent residence, became entitled to New Zealand citizenship.
On 25 Nov 1947 NZ adopted the British Statute of Westminster (1931)
This required NZ to establish its own citizenship distinct from British citizenship
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 and the Aliens Act 1948 allowed any alien, except Chinese, to become naturalised
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
After the 1948 Act had been passed on 6 Sept, New Zealand passports were issued by the Department of Internal Affairs
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
The words ‘British subject’ remained on NZ passports until 1973, along with ‘New Zealand citizen’
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Booklet ' Alien to citizen' was issued by the Department of Education in 1954
Purpose was to persuade recent immigrants of the advantages of naturalisation, & to describe the procedure
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
First public naturalisation ceremony in NZ was held in Wellington on 24 May 1955
Alexander Turnbull Library
Pictorial Parade No. 37 (1955): Video of NZ's first naturalisation ceremony
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Fifteen members of the Bron family, who came from Holland, became naturalised at a ceremony at Foxton, 1958
Palmerston North City Library
Naturalisation ceremony at the Council Chambers in Wellington, 1958
Alexander Turnbull Library
1958: Thirty people took the oath of allegiance at a naturalisation ceremony conducted at Palmerston North
Palmerston North City Library
Certificate of naturalisation, 1959
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Naturalisation ceremony after receiving their certificates from Palmerston North's Mayor Rennie, 1961
Palmerston North City Library
Cup of tea following a citizenship ceremony held in Ōtara, 1964
Auckland Libraries
Programme for naturalisation ceremony held in the City of Lower Hutt's Council Chambers on Monday, 3 April 1967
Alexander Turnbull Library
'New Kiwis' following a naturalisation ceremony at Papakura, 1972
Auckland Libraries
NZ citizenship ceremony, Levin, 1972
Pencilled on back of photo: "Naturalisation of 6 people of : Polish, Chinese & Tongan Extraction"
Kete Horowhenua
NZ citizenship ceremony in Wellington Town Hall, 1977
Alexander Turnbull Library
Falema'i Lesa having just won her case for citizenship with the Privy Council, 1982
Alexander Turnbull Library
Citizenship (Western Samoa) Bill, 1982
(Members of the Samoan community in the legislative chamber of Parliament for the proceedings of the bill)
Alexander Turnbull Library
Barred from membership of Board of Trustees, because still a Dutch citizen, 1989
About 25,000 people, mostly Dutch, were in similar situation
Upper Hutt City Library
A joint Citizenship and Civic Honours Ceremony was held in the Levin War Memorial Hall, 28 March 2003
Kete Horowhenua
A protest for the repeal of the Citizenship (Western Samoa) Act of 1982, Parliament Grounds, March 2003
People born in Western Samoa between 13 May 1924 - 1 Jan 1949 had NZ citizenship removed
Alexander Turnbull Library
RNZ (4 March 2020): What happens when you relinquish your NZ citizenship and then want it back?
Vivien Hill left NZ when aged 55 to live in Norway, which didn't allow dual citizenship; & wants to return to NZ aged 74
Radio New Zealand
Photographic exhibition "Belonging" (2021) celebrated 10 migrant women who made Palmerston North their home
When aged 10, Lai Bar Boli arrived with her family as refugees from Myanmar (Burma) in 2006 & were granted citizenship
Palmerston North City Library
Another image in the photographic exhibition "Belonging" is Dr Doris Adeyinka
Doris arrived from Nigeria with her husband & children in Jan 2007 as a doctoral student & was later granted citizenship
Palmerston North City Library
Restoring Citizenship Removed by the Citizenship (Western Samoa) Act of 1982 Bill in the parliamentary ballot, 2023
Bill would restore the right to NZ citizenship for people from Western Samoa born between 13 May 1924 - 1 Jan 1949
95bFM
Welsh-born aircraft engineer read his affirmation at the citizenship ceremony in te reo Māori, 2023
(His wife shared a video on TikTok.) RNZ interview: 5:55min
Radio New Zealand
7. New Zealand citizens
New Zealand citizen by birth
You're a New Zealand citizen by birth if you were born in New Zealand. Citizens of the Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau who were born before 1 January 2006 are also New Zealand citizens.
If you were born after 1 January 2006 in New Zealand, Cook Islands, Niue or Tokelau you only have New Zealand citizenship from birth if one or more of your parents:
- is a New Zealand citizen, or
- has residency (for example, has the right to be in New Zealand or Australia without a fixed end date), or
- has the right to live without a fixed end date in the Cook Islands, Tokelau or Niue.
Other New Zealand citizens
You are a New Zealand citizen if you:
- become a New Zealand citizen by naturalisation, registration or grant
- were a British subject and resident in New Zealand throughout all of 1948
- are a woman born outside of New Zealand who married a New Zealand citizen before 9 October 1946
Source: Massey University: Definition of a New Zealand citizen and resident
8. Find out more
- David Green, 'Citizenship - Towards New Zealand citizenship', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/citizenship/page-2
- Massey University: Definition of a New Zealand citizen and resident
- New Zealand citizenship established', URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/new-zealand-citizenship-established, (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 9-Jul-2020
- New Zealand Government: New Zealand citizenship
- New Zealand History: Citizenship, URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/citizenship
- Tim Shoebridge, Index of New Zealand wartime laws and regulations, 1914-21. Ministry for Culture and Heritage, (Pdf)
This DigitalNZ story was compiled in September 2023