Highland dancing

Clan names

Scotch thistle

Scottish terrier dog originated in Aberdeen

For auld lang syne

The Endeavour's crew included Scots (1769).

Botanist Joseph Banks brought along Scottish artist Sydney Parkinson.

Parkinson's portraits were the first known visual record of the tattooing, clothing and adornment of Māori.

Capt. George Vancouver's 'Discovery' arrived in Dusky Sound on 2 Nov 1791

On board was Scots naturalist Dr Archibald Menzies who collected mosses & liverworts.

The 'Pegasus' charted Port Pegasus (Stewart Island) in 1809

Scots William Stewart named Stewart Island when First Officer on board.

In 1826, Scottish sealer & whaler Cptn William Stewart set up ship-building, flax & trading settlement at Port Pegasus.

Scots Hector McDonald set up a shore-whaling station at Kapiti Island in 1832; then turned to trading in 1840.

After arriving in NZ in 1836, Alexander Fyffe worked in whaling; then set up Waiopuka whaling station at Kaikōura, 1842.

Whaler & trader John Love married Mere Ruru Te Hikanui from Ngāti Te Whiti; then moved to Te Awaiti, 1834.

Tini (Mary Burns) born c1846 was 3rd of 4 children of Richard Burns, a farmer at Moeraki, & Pukio Iwa of Ngāi Tuahuriri.

Whaler & trader "Scotch Jock" (John Nicol) married Kahe Te Rau-o-te-Rangi (Betty) & moved to Paekākāriki in 1847.

Grandson of whaler Hector McDonald whose first wife Te Kopi (niece of Te Rauparaha) had a son in 1848.

Family in the South Island.

New Zealand Shipping List has been digitised

Researchers can look up passenger names; then check birth & baptismal records, marriage certificates & censuses. etc.

Scottish people constituted about 20% of all British migrants to NZ: 1840 - 1852

The nationality and gender of migrants shows Scottish men (20.6%) and women (20.7%).

Regional origin of Scots: 1842-1915

NZ Census - Born in Scotland: 1858 - 2013

NZ Census: 1858 (7,976), 1901 (47,858), 1951 (44,089), 1976 (47,827), 2001 (28,680), 2006 (29,016), 2013 (25,953).

NZ Census - Ethnic identity: 2006, 2013

People were asked to indicate ethnic group/s with which they identified: Scottish: 2006 (15,039) & 2013 (14,412).

'Rosanna' ship arrives in Hokianga, 1826

Four ‘Scotch carpenters’ stay on in Hokianga. After ship sailed onto Sydney, some Scots returned to Northland in 1827.

Scots from Caithness settled in Bay of Islands in late 1830s

Previously English missionary settlers had arrived in 1814 at Rangihoua & Samuel Marsden held their 1st Xmas service.

French colony threat: Charles de Thierry purchased land in Hokianga

He had met missionary Thomas Kendall at Cambridge College in 1820 who purchased land on his behalf. in 1822.

When tribal war affected settlers, Busby sent word & Captain William Hobson arrived on frigate 'Rattlesnake' (1837)

Busby, Hobson & Samuel Marsden spoke with Ngāpuhi chiefs to reconcile them, & warn against violence to British subjects.

Hobson appointed as Foreign Consul & Lieutenant Governor (1839-41)

Hobson to obtain land from Māori 'by fair and equal contracts' & resell to settlers at profit to fund future operations.

Busby & Hobson drafted the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) which was translated by missionary Henry Williams

The Treaty thwarted de Thierry's plans to still set up a French colony after he arrived in Hokianga on 4 Nov 1837.

Colonial Secretary's Office established (1841) to handle creation of NZ's public service

British William Shortland appointed by Hobson; then replaced by Paisley-born Andrew Sinclair from 1844-56.

Settlement schemes became more structured & large numbers of Scots arrived in 1840s on assisted immigration

Majority were from the Lowlands or Borders—mostly Lanarkshire & Midlothian (counties that include Glasgow & Edinburgh).

New Zealand Bill 1839

Bill for the provisional government of British settlements.

New Zealand Company ship 'Bengal Merchant', Feb 1840

Single women going out as servants to cabin passengers, or in charge of married emigrants, received a free passage.

Mary and David McEwan arrive on the 'Bengal Merchant'

he 'Bengal Merchant' arrived with c.120 Scots at Port Nicholson in Feb 1840.

Letter describing feelings and experiences written on board the 'Clydeside'

Donald Gollan describes his feelings on leaving Scotland, his family and friends to voyage to Wellington in 1841.

Rev. James Duncan was sent by the Reformed Church of Scotland in 1843 as the first Presbyterian Missionary to the Māori

He arrived on the 'Phoebe' and settled at Te Awahou (Foxton) and worked among the Manawatu Māori until 1872.

New Zealand Company purchased land at Nelson (1839); sites surveyed (1841); & settlers arrived (1842)

The Fifeshire arrived in Nelson on 1 Feb 1842 with immigrants.

Fighting broke out in 1843 when surveying land at Wairau which Ngāti Hoa disputed had been purchased

Te Rauparahau of Ngāti Toa obstructed surveyors, destroyed their huts and killed surrendered prisoners.

Alarm amongst settlers at the killings at Wairau

Incoming Governor, Robert FitzRoy, enraged settlers by arguing that the Europeans had provoked Ngāti Toa.

Scots William Brown & John Logan Campbell were 'free' emigrants & arrived in 1840

They started Auckland's first merchant firm 'Brown and Campbell' in a tent.

First colonists wave: 3 ships arrive from River Clyde, 184

Scottish Colonisation Company sailed 3 ships from River Clyde to Cornwallis Point, where monument now stands.

Second wave: 'Duchess of Argyle' & 'Jane Gifford', 1842

In 1842, Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners sailed 500+ from Paisley (where textile industry was in recession).

Highlander Donald McLean becomes Government official, including land agent, 1844-63

Arrived in Auckland in 1840 to work for Sydney merchant firm; appointed to Govt roles, & became a politician in 1866.

'Duchess of Argyle' & 'Jane Gifford' reunion, 1894

Reunion of early colonists from 'Duchess of Argyle' and 'Jane Gifford' held in 1894.

Edward Gibbon Wakefield's New Zealand Company had proposed NZ should have representative institutions

When Treaty still being signed, new settlers arrived in Wellington & set up their own Council, which Hobson disbanded.

George Grey appointed Governor (1845) & NZ Constitution Act (1846) divided NZ into 2 provinces: New Munster & New Ulster

Both had a Legislative & Executive Council led by a Lieutenant-Governor who reported to Governor Grey.

The new NZ Constitution Act (1852) divided NZ into 6 provinces self-governed by elected councils

Under the New Provinces Act (1858) provision was made to add additional provinces.

Several Scots moved south from Wellington in 1840s

Brothers John & William Deans moved to Riccarton (1843) and established first successful farm on Canterbury Plains.

Clydesdale horses arrive from 1842 onwards

Newspaper reports mention Clydesdales arriving as early as 1842.

Plaque commemorating Scottish pioneers of 1840s

Canterbury Association vessels arrived between Dec 1850-1853

First four ships were the 'Charlotte Jane', 'Randolph', 'Sir George Seymour', & 'Cressy'.

From 1855-1870 the Canterbury Provincial Government was in charge of immigration

An emigration agent was stationed in London.

Scots William Cargill was elected as the Canterbury province's Superintendent, 1853-1860

Captain William Cargill (1784-1860) was born in Edinburgh and arrived in NZ on the 'John Wickliffe', 1848.

Scottish shepherds were recruited

Border collie sheepdog

The Scottish shepherd & border collie were familiar figures on runs in the South Island, Wairarapa and Hawke’s Bay.

John & Allan McLean - largest numbers of sheep from 1852

The brothers owned land in runs in Canterbury, Otago, and Morven Hills.

Shetland ponies arrive 1858

Notorious Scotsman James Mackenzie and his dog 'Friday' rustled sheep, 1855

Mackenzie & Friday drove 1,000 sheep from Levels station north of Timaru south to the Mackenzie Country in March 1855.

Don Reid's Salisbury estate in north Taieri, 1856

Land purchased 1856 to grow wheat & oats; then grazed sheep & cattle from mid-1860s.

Otago chosen in 1840 for settlement

Initial supporters were Scots George Rennie & William Cargill, & the Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland.

John McGlashan appointed secretary in Scotland for the Otago Association, 1847

He oversaw the arrangements for the dispatch of 12 of the first 14 ships; then emigrated to NZ in 1853.

Two New Zealand Company ships, 'Philip Laing' & 'John Wickliffe', set sail in 1847

Settlers boarded a ferry on Loch Goil to journey to Greenock, to set sail on 'Philip Laing' to NZ.

The ship 'John Wickliffe' arrived on 23 March 1848 with 97 migrants

Sailed on 22 April from Gravesend (on River Thames). Migrants included many Scots, & agent Captain William Cargill.

Reunion of 'John Wickliffe' settlers, 1909

Reverend Thomas Burns selected passengers for the ship 'Philip Laing'

But rather than for religious reasons, most came to escape hardship or advance themselves economically.

The ship 'Philip Laing' arrived on 15 April 1848 with 247 migrants

Sailed on 27 Nov 1847 from Greenock on River Clyde. On board was Rev Burns (nephew of poet Robbie Burns) & his family.

The Lay Association founded Dunedin in 1848

The new settlement was originally to have been named New Edinburgh but that was changed to Dunedin.

Lots of land in Dunedin allocated to settlers before leaving Scotland

Modest houses, a store & a school, which was also used as the church, were constructed.

Public meeting on Scottish settlement of Otago, 20 Dec 1848

View of Dunedin in 1849

Early settlers of emigrant ships & descendants, 1908

Two-thirds of the original Otago settlers were Free Church Presbyterians.

Preacher Norman McLeod & Scots arrive in Northland (1854) from Nova Scotia

McLeod left Scotland in 1817 for Nova Scotia; then led his people facing hardship to Australia in 1851; then to NZ.

Scots mostly Highlanders & purchased land in Waipū

More Scots joined them from Nova Scotia & direct from Scotland. Total no. exceeded 800.

Waipū's surving settlers, 1915

Descendants of Waipū settlers

Memorial to Waipū's settlement by Scots

In 1918 the oldest of the original pioneers still living in Waipū was photographed sitting on the monument’s base.

Scot John Buchanan discovered gold, 1858

Buchanan was the first to find gold in March 1858 at the Tuapeka and Clutha rivers.

Scottish goldminers were mostly migrants from the Shetland Islands

Merchant: 'Russell, Ritchie & Co' (1873) & 'National Mortgage & Agency Co' (1877) in Dunedin

John MacFarlane Ritchie joined firm (1865); became partner (1873); then manager when firm taken over by NMA (1877).

Scots James Hector arrived in 1862 to conduct a 3 year geological survey of Otago after gold was found

He founded the Colonial Museum (Te Papa), Geological Survey (GNS Science), NZ Institute, & Geological Gardens.

James Little developed new breed of wool-producing sheep called Corriedale

Little arrived in Otago in 1864 & cross-bred Romney Marsh & Merinos; then Lincoln rams & Merinos.

Scot Learmonth White Dalrymple long campaigned for a high school for girls

Otago Girls’ High School, NZ’s first girls’ secondary school, opened in 1871 with a Scottish principal, Margaret Burn.

Otago Education scheme, 1870

Teacher qualifications corresponded "to the qualifications required of the parish schoolmasters of Scotland."

University of Otago first student in-take in 1871

NZs first university established.

Militia allotted free land under Waste Lands Act 1859 & Naval and Military Settlers' Act 1860

The New Zealand Settlements Act, 1863

Governor Grey called for Māori to take an oath of allegiance to the Crown or forfeit their lands.

Following the NZ Wars, settlers were allotted confiscated land in Taranaki, Waikato & Bay of Plenty

Colonial Treasurer Julius Vogel's vision for economic boom

Proposed borrowing £20 million to provide assisted passage for building railways, telegraph lines & roads.

Immigration and Public Works Act 1870 passed & agents appointed to boost immigration

One agent general was appointed in London in 1871. By 1873 there were 78 in Scotland, 53 in England & 46 in Ireland.

Facts to attract Scottish emigrants

Special efforts were made to recruit married agricultural labourers and single female domestic servants.

Fare of £5 per adult waived (1873-79) & travel was free until 1890 to boost migrants

NZ residents could nominate friends and relatives to come and join them.

Just over a fifth of all immigrants were from Scotland

Most were from the Lowlands, but also included the Western Highlands and Shetland Islands.

In 1870s some Shetlanders went to Port William on Stewart Island

Fishermen and seamen were among the Shetlanders (and again from 1916-1945).

Shetlanders farming on Campbell Island

In 1904–8, a group of Shetlanders made an unsuccessful effort to farm on bleak Campbell Island.

Other Shetlanders settled at Karamea on the West Coast

A Shetlander woman knitting as she walks

The skill of knitting has become part of NZ's popular culture.

Shetlanders later became concentrated in Wellington; many worked as fishermen

The Island Bay fishermen's rugby team with Shetlanders and Italians.

Shetland Society was formed in 1922

Published "Chips off the Auld Rock: Shetlanders in New Zealand" (1997) for its 75th anniversary.

Otago Peninsula Co-operative Cheese Factory Co was first dairy processing operation, 1871

Scottish couple John & Catherine Mathieson & neighbouring farmers at Springfield formed the company.

William Davidson was Manager of New Zealand and Australian Land Company from 1878

By 1880, Davidson had explored meat preserving, dairying & refrigerated transport.

Ship 'Dunedin' carrying 1st frozen meat shipment, 1882

Scot Thomas Brydone helped set up frozen meat industry.

Following collapse of City Bank of Glasgow (1878), there was a contraction of credit by the City of London

With reduced credit available to NZ, farmers went bankrupt and there was a lack of jobs for rural workers.

Factory workers experienced exploitative labour conditions

Counties Act (1876) replaced provinces

With tensions occurring between provincial and central government, provincial government abolished.

Scots Robert Stout was appointed Prime Minister, 1884-1887

Failure of his policies to stave off economic depression led to downfall of his Cabinet in 1887.

Scots emigrate from Glasgow, 1884

Settlers arrive on board the Clyde-built iron clipper ship 'Saraca'.

Refrigeration contributed to growing prosperity & increased immigrants

Refrigerated shipping enabled frozen meat, butter and cheese to be transported to Britain.

Scottish Highland cattle imported in early 1900s

More than 16,000 Scots arrived between 1906-1916

In 1912 & 1913, 47% of Scots adult males described themselves as skilled, compared with 36% from England & Wales.

The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920 proclaimed the principle of free entry for British & Irish

Scots migrants had to await the availability of shipping which had been restricted by WWI.

Scots served in New Zealand Expeditionary Force

Of the 145,624 NZEF soldiers examined by NZ military authorities between 1916-18, 6279 were born in Scotland.

Overseas Settlement Committee offered free passage to ex-service women & men, & their wives

About 3,000 wives of NZ soldiers who married abroad and their 600 children arrived in NZ.

1930s Depression: Shetlander Jack Tait fishing for groper in Cook Strait

Tait helped form Wellington Fishermen's Cooperative unit to give security of income.

Two regiments were affiliated with Black Watch

Forerunners include Highland Companies, and the Dunedin Highland Rifles.

Highland Companies

Forerunners of the Regiments include Highland Companies, and the Dunedin Highland Rifles.

New Zealand Scottish Regiment, 1940

The Waipū Caledonian Society roll of honour for WWI is displayed in the Waipu Museum.

New arrivals of Scottish children at Presbyterian Boys’ & Girls’ Home, 1940

Scottish children arrive under Overseas Reception Scheme, 1940 - 1953

Scot immigrants included orphans & young children without family support.

From 1947-1975, free & assisted passage offered to immigrants who'd meet a labour shortage

Focus was not on farmers or domestic servants, but on skills for secondary and tertiary industries.

Dpt of Labour opened Migration Office in London & advertised in newspapers, trade journals & trade fairs

The New Zealand High Commission in London interviewed applicants who brought along birth certificates and references.

Sandra Wright, a young Scottish immigrant, arriving on the ship `Atlantis', 1951

Preference for single people due to housing shortage. They were bonded for 2 years & initially lived in barracks.

Glaswegian Mrs McDowall arriving on `Atlantis', 1951

Preference for people aged 20 to 35 year olds, but upper age extended to 45 in 1950.

Full assistance scheme from 1946-1975

Southern Cross brought many UK immigrants from 1955-1971

Immigration Act 1987: Entry permit for British & non-British emphasised skills & qualifications

The Act also gave humanitarian recognition of reuniting families, & commitment to accept 800 refugees.

In 1991, points system introduced: age, education, business, profession & assets

Through the 1990s, number of English and Scots fell, and by 2006 those born in the UK were less than 25% of immigrants.

Almost half of Scottish people living in NZ in 2013 had professional or managerial occupations

Plus, around one-third worked in trade or manual occupations.

Harebell / Scottish bluebell

Place names: the influence of the Scots

Dunedin is from 'Dun Eideann', the Scottish Gaelic for Edinburgh

Clutha is Gaelic for Glasgow’s river Clyde

Lowland Scots (Lallans dialect) of the South & East entered everyday language

Words: crib (holiday house), wee (little). Use of '-ie' or 'y' as suffix: wharfie (waterside worker), footie (football)

Gaelic societies attempted to keep the language alive

Gaelic spoken in areas of 19th-century NZ, including Waipū, Turakina and the Mackenzie Country.

Waitaki Gaelic Society

Poet Robert Burns - The first Burns Club was founded in Dunedin in 1891.

Dame Flora McLeod, Chief of Clan McLeod, telling Scottish fairy stories, 1955.

Highland games, 1883

Bagpipers parade along Dunedin’s Princes Street en route to New Year’s Day Highland games at the Caledonian grounds.

Shortbread

Anecdotes about Scots and their food, 1884

Sir James Fletcher (Industrialist)

Born at Kirkintilloch, Scotland

Janet Frame (Writer)

Born in NZ of Scottish parents

Winston Peters (Politician)

Born in NZ - his mother is of Scottish descent