School dental nurses
A DigitalNZ Story by Zokoroa
Journey since 1921 when school dental nurses began training - a world first!
School dental nurses, dental nurses, dental therapists, dentists, schools, teeth, health, oral health
On 4 April 1921, a two-year training programme for school dental nurses began in Wellington by the Department of Health's School Dental Service - a first in the world! This DigitalNZ story recounts the journey taken for women to be trained in the new profession of "school dental nurse" after the first female dentist was registered in 1881. Images of school dental nurses over the decades capture their training programme, work with students, the dental instruments used, and the uniform they wore. Indeed, you may have memories of your first visit to your school's dental clinic - nicknamed the 'murder house' by some! - and being told about "Bertie Germ" if you don't look after your teeth! Since 1991, dental nurses became known as dental therapists but the name 'dental nurse' lingers on for many people. Dental services currently available for young people from birth up to their 18th birthday are described by Health New Zealand Te Whata Ora: Visiting a dentist
The profession of "school dental nurse" - a 1st in the world - was founded in 1921 to improve state of children's teeth
NZ's first female dentist was registered in 1881. However, costs & WWI delayed the approval of school dental nurses.
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
On 4 April 1921, the 2 yr course for school dental nurses began after NZ Dental Association (formed 1905) began lobbying
The dental nurses were to treat preschoolers & primary school children, & older students to be seen by private dentists
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Of the 35 women (aged 18-36) chosen from 120 applicants, 29 completed the School Dental Service (SDS) course in 1923
Course was held in Wellington & medallions awarded to graduates. (This one was received by F. L. Carlton from Timaru.)
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
The SDS graduates were allocated to schools & community clinics to work with preschoolers & pupils up to age 6
School committees were initially expected to establish a clinic, whilst the Govt supplied the equipment & dental nurse
Auckland Libraries
In 1927, Govt introduced a subsidy as clinics varied from purpose-built buildings to classrooms & staff rooms being used
By 1941, the Government was funding the full cost of clinics
Auckland Libraries
By 1929, Year IV were treated & private schools began treatment. From 1941, Yr V students & then Yr VI were included.
From 1947, adolescents up to age 16 were treated by contracted private dentists.
Wyndham & Districts Historical Museum
In 1940, a larger dental training school was built in Wellington, followed by Auckland (1951) & Christchurch (1956)
Aim of the additional 2 schools was to boost numbers by attracting trainees unable or unwilling to go to Wellington
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
During the 1940s & 50s, children were introduced to "Bertie Germ" to encourage healthy eating & dental care
"Bombs for Bertie" poster was designed by Railway Studios for the Dept of Health - combat with fruit & veges
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Over the decades, the dental nurse's uniform & equipment used have undergone changes
c.1942: Student seated in an adjustable chair & a pedal-operated treadle drill in background
Alexander Turnbull Library
Image: Uniform during 1960s
Dental Nurse fashion, 1960s
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
1960s-70s: Rubber dental bulb used to squeeze air into a patient's mouth.
Rubber dental bulb (black)
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
No date: School dentist drill (known as the "buzzer")
Education, School Dental Equipment Drill
Teviot District Museum
No date: Dentists electric drill with a separate motor attachment from Waitakaruru School
Dentist's drill
Thames Museum
From 1991 dental nurses became known as dental therapists after training moved from Dpt of Health to Dpt of Education
Training on dental therapy was provided by Wellington Polytechnic (1991-99), Univ of Otago (1999 - ) & AUT (2006- )
South Canterbury Museum
Childhood memories
School dental clinics were nicknamed the "Murder House". (See satirical film: "The Murder House", 1998)
NZ On Screen
Painting by first year primary school child after first visit to school's dental clinic in 1980s
Child's painting: 'She puts on new gloves and checks our teeth'
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Another child's painting after visiting the school dental nurse for the first time in 1980s
Child's painting: 'She then says "Bye-bye. Remember to brush your teeth at bed time".'
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
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Backstory
1. The journey for dental care in schools
Early years of dentistry in NZ: Professional vs practitioners
By the 1870s, there were two types of dental services practised in New Zealand - "operative dentistry" by professionals and "mechanical dentistry" by practitioners. "Operative dentists" were also known as "ethical dentists" because they restored teeth which required biological and physiological knowledge. "Mechanical dentists" extracted teeth and fitted dentures and also became known as "advertising dentists" for advertising their rates, usually at cheaper prices. Dentistry was predominately a male occupation. However, there were instances where assistance was provided to dentists by their female relatives (wives, daughters, and sisters) and/or female apprentices who then established their own practice.
By 1870s, 2 types of dentistry: "ethical" / "operative"(restored teeth) & "mechanical" (extractions & dentures)
Mechanical dentists also became known as "advertising dentists" who advertised their services at cheaper rates
National Library of New Zealand
Dental drills had become available to repair teeth, whereas previously decayed teeth were pulled out
People also pulled out own teeth. (Cartoon: Tying string around a tooth & handle of a door to yank the tooth out, 1886)
National Library of New Zealand
Dentists Act 1880 introduced registration of dentists & identified training & qualifications required, & limited adverts
A Dental Board was formed to examine candidates for registration & the Univ of New Zealand conducted registration exam
The University of Auckland Library
18 June 1881: 1st woman registered was Margaret Caro as met criteria of already being "in practice" at her Napier clinic
Her formal qualifications unknown. Assisted surgeon husband's medical & dental work for 16 yrs prior to opening clinic.
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
In July 1889, the "New Zealand Dental Association" (NZDA) formed by dentists' delegates at a meeting held in Wellington
After its 1st conference in Jan 1890, meetings became infrequent over next 2 yrs due to distance & communication issues
National Library of New Zealand
At the inaugural NZDA's Conference in Dunedin (Jan 1890), the agenda included dental education to be available in NZ
NZDA recommended the petitioning of the Senate of the University of NZ (formed 1874) for immediate action
National Library of New Zealand
On 5 Nov 1892, the first woman passed the dental registration exam in NZ - Miss Jessie Cox of Auckland
After a 3 year apprenticeship, she completed the final exam & the Board of Examiners issued a certificate of competency
National Library of New Zealand
In 1900, the Public Health Act was passed by the Liberal Govt which took office in Jan 1891
Dpt of Public Health was established & NZ was divided into 6 health districts, each with a District Health Officer
National Library of New Zealand
Under the Dentists Act 1904, oversight of dental training assigned to the University of New Zealand
Matriculation & 2 yrs min. study required. (However, aspiring dentists had to study overseas: London, Ireland or USA.)
The University of Auckland Library
On 5 June 1905, a new NZDA was formed at Dental Conference held in Wellington, as the former NZDA had gone into demise
NZDA's aim was to represent registered dentists & it began publishing the New Zealand Dental Journal
National Library of New Zealand
The NZDA's Executive Council wore top hats from 1906 to indicate the dentists' professional status
Non-registered dentists continued to contest NZDA registration requirements & constraints on advertising
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
In 1907, Faculty of Dentistry with 4 yr Bachelor of Dental Surgery founded at Univ of Otago under Dr Henry Pickerill
The costs for the building were largely met by donations from members of dental profession, plus a Govt subsidy.
Hocken Collections - Uare Taoka o Hākena, University of Otago
Up to 20-25 could be trained. After completing their degree, graduates could begin working in a Dentist's surgery.
Image (1910): Patient being administered nitrous oxide ("laughing gas") to minimise pain during treatment
Alexander Turnbull Library
1905-1919: Lobbying by NZDA for dental treatment for pupils' poor oral health
The journey for dental care in schools gained momentum through the New Zealand Dental Association (NZDA) voicing its concerns about the state of children's oral health. However, prohibitive costs and the advent of World War I during 1914-1918 led to delays in the decision to form the state-funded School Dental Service until 1919/1920.
During NZDA Conference held 5-7 June 1905, the paper "The teeth of our children" was presented by dentist F. W. Thompson
He'd visited a Christchurch school & claimed 98% of children did not receive the dental care they deserved
National Library of New Zealand
At the conclusion of discussion on Thompson's paper, NZDA formed a deputation to meet with the Minister of Education
NZDA's deputation to request that Min of Education provide the means for inspection of children's teeth at State schools
National Library of New Zealand
Thompson's paper was tabled at Parliament but Dpt of Public Health had other priorities, eg sanitation, tuberculosis
The NZDA, with the support of the Plunket Society, medical profession & teachers, continued to lobby for State's support
National Library of New Zealand
An increasing focus of social policy on children's health led to Dpt of Ed's School Medical Service forming in 1912
That same year, Dept. of Physical Education was formed. (Image: Children learning First Aid at Frankton Primary, c.1912)
Hamilton City Libraries
In 1913, medical inspections introduced by Govt found 72% of Std 2 children were suffering from ‘defective teeth’
The results of visits to 333 primary schools were reported in the MInister of Education's annual report in 1914
National Library of New Zealand
During WWI, state of recruits' teeth led to some being rejected; thus highlighting need for improved care from childhood
Alexander Turnbull Library
NZDA began treating military recruits in NZ; then the NZ Dental Corps was formed on 7 Nov 1915 & was based overseas
NZ Dental Corps was under command of Col. Hunter & comprised trained dentists who worked in NZ Expeditionary Force camps
Alexander Turnbull Library
1919/1920: School Dentist Service (SDS) formed & male dental officers appointed
Whilst the NZDA had been involved with the forming of the NZ Dental Corps, concerns for children's dental health continued. During his NZDA Presidential address in 1916, Arthur Morton Carter (an Auckland dentist) stated:
"…the war of the nations will end, and in our hearts we know Victory will be ours, but in the dental disease so rampant in our schools we have a more insidious foe, and one that has been far too long underestimated, and that is steadily sapping the vitality and lowering the stamina of our national life."
Source: Carter, A.M. (1916), "Presidential address", New Zealand Dental Journal, XII(36):3–7.
In 1917, two NZDA members suggested that to alleviate the shortage of dentists, a training programme for dental nurses could occur, which gained NZDA's support. Richmond Dunn suggested a new profession of 'dental nurse' who'd undertake a two-year training programme and then staff school dental clinics. Norman Cox proposed two years training with a private practitioner and two years at the Dental School. However, there were dentists, including Henry Pickerill (Dean of the New Zealand Dental School), who saw dental nursing as lowering professional standards, and questioned the suitability and strength of women to carry out dental work. Concerns were also voiced over the state control of dentistry and the subsequent loss of professional independence for dentists in treating both children and adults.
Eventually, after the end of WWI, NZDA's new proposal for dentists studying at the Dental School to receive free education and a living allowance in exchange for being bonded for 5 years to work as dental officers in school clinics was approved by Cabinet in 1919. The Department of Education's School Dental Service (SDS) scheme was established which then came under the control of the newly formed Division of Dental Hygiene within the Department of Health in 1920. The School Dental Service was staffed by six male dentists at Warkworth, Auckland, Wanganui, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. Ambulances equipped with dental equipment also visited rural schools.
In 1917, Richmond Dunn's proposal for a 'dental nurse' profession & Richmond Cox's training plan gained NZDA support
However, Acting PM & Ministers of Public Health, Education & Finance decided costs & being wartime were too prohibitive
National Library of New Zealand
After WWI, NZDA continued to lobby & Cabinet's approval of school dental officers was reported by media on 9 June 1919
(Dental School students to receive free education & living allowance & be for bonded 5 years as school dental officers)
National Library of New Zealand
Dec 1919: Colonel Thomas Hunter appointed Chief Dental Officer of the Dpt of Education's new School Dental Service (SDS)
Hunter then resigned when NZDA executive voiced concerns they weren't consulted during the appointment process
National Library of New Zealand
Also during 1919, the Govt's child health & welfare policies led to Children’s Health Camp forming
NZDA & health professionals had continued to attribute many childhood health issues to poor oral health
Hocken Collections - Uare Taoka o Hākena, University of Otago
On 3 April 1920, James Parr was appointed Minister of Education & Minister of Public Health
Both ministerial roles aided the school medical officers' work to be supplemented by school dental officers
Auckland Libraries
Control of SDS moved to new Division of Dental Hygiene in Dept of Health & Hunter was appointed Director in May 1920
National Library of New Zealand
6 men were appointed as dental officers & based at Warkworth, Auckland, Wanganui, Wellington, Christchurch & Dunedin
Rural schools received mobile services delivered in ambulances purchased from England as travelling dental surgeries
Auckland Libraries
The dental ambulances used equipment left over from NZ Dental Corps who'd treated NZ Expeditionary Force personnel
Auckland Libraries
Nov 1920: NZDA approves proposal for women as "school dental nurses"
During November 1920, the New Zealand Dental Association approved the training of women for the new dental profession of "school dental nurse". Factors behind that decision included:
Insufficient numbers of available trained dentists to work as dental officers in primary schools.
Dental nurses would take less time and money to train than dentists and be less expensive to employ. The dental nurse would also have more of a preventive focus in offering advice for the caring of teeth, and not merely be used to repair “the ravages of disease”.
New Zealand’s Plunket nurses offered advice and service to mothers and their babies. Accordingly, a dental nurse might prove similarly effective in caring for children’s teeth.
Prevalent stereotypical view that women were more temperamentally and psychologically suited to work with young children. Hence, the dental nurses to treat children up to age of 6, and the general treatment of students to be by qualified dentists.
Qualified dentists would train the dental nurses who were to be regarded as “auxiliaries”, especially trained for treating children, rather than “half-trained” dentists.
The dental nurses would be registered with the NZDA; thus restricting access by unqualified and unregistered dentists to working with children.
Requirement that women employed in the public service would cease working once they married and were, therefore, unlikely to set up rival dentistry practices.
When the University of Otago would not agree to a training programme of less than four years, the decision was made to hold a two year course in Wellington.
In Nov 1920, NZDA approved Hunter's proposal to train women as school dental nurses for school pupils up to age 6
(There was an insufficient no. of male dentists, & women regarded as more temperamentally suited to work with children)
National Library of New Zealand
A 2 year course in Wellington was proposed when the Univ of Otago wouldn't agree to less than 4 years training
However, NZ Dental Assoc members objected it wouldn't be same level of training as received by dentists
National Library of New Zealand
On 27 Nov 1920, media reported Richmond Dunn's appointment as the Dental Supervisor for State School Dental Service
Dental nurses to treat children up to age of 6, & the general treatment of students to be by qualified dentists
National Library of New Zealand
Media (8 Dec 1920) reported Hunter's response to criticism of dental nurses by Dr Pickerill (Dunedin Dental School)
Hunter points out that dental nurses won't just be focusing on the primer classes, as claimed by Pickerill
National Library of New Zealand
Media (14 Dec 1920) reported that opposition to dental nurses was dwindling
Minister of Health & Education (Hon. C. J. Parr) stated the opposition had largely stemmed from Dunedin Dental School
National Library of New Zealand
22 Dec 1920: Otago Hospital Board concerned dental nurses' 2yr course & higher pay would compete with 3yr nurses' course
The Board wrote to Wellington Hospital Board for support, who declined & noted nurses would be paid more for less work
National Library of New Zealand
A 2-year course still to proceed after Dr Pickerill unsuccessfully petitioned NZ Technical School's Assoc
National Library of New Zealand
Training to be held at Army Base Records building in Whitmore St & trainees to stay at hostel in Kelburn, Wellington
Image: View of the hostel for the trainee dental nurses (Double-storey brick building at bottom right)
Alexander Turnbull Library
During Jan 1921, applications for 30 probationery positions were called with a closing date of 21 Jan
Trainee annual salary of £90 & boarding allowance of £40 if required. Graduate salary of £220 rising to £250 per annum.
National Library of New Zealand
2. Training of women as school dental nurses
According to the Department of Health's Annual Report of Director-General of Health. (AJHR, 1923: Session I-H, H-31, p. 42), the first intake of women for the school dental nurse training course was 35, of whom 29 completed the two-year training which was held at Wellington.
4 April 1921: Two-year School Dental Service training programme with 35 women began at Wellington
Media reported "very large numbers" applications received & 35 women were selected by the Public Services Commissioner
(Selection critieria: educational qualifications, personality, age, health & other personal qualities.)
National Library of New Zealand
On 4 April 1921, 35 women aged 18-36 selected from 120 applicants began their two-year training programme
Article in Evening Post gives an outline of the training programme & a visit by Minister of Education, Hon C.J. Parr
National Library of New Zealand
Colonel (later Sir) Thomas Hunter was appointed as the first Director of the School Dental Service
The Dominion Training School was set up in the Army Base Records building, Willis Street, Wellington
Alexander Turnbull Library
The Evening Post (15 April 1921) reported the following about the visit to the 35 trainees at the School Dental Service by the Minister of Education, James Parr:
"A brief visit to the premises was made by the Minister of Education (the Hon. C. J. Parr); the father of the scheme, yesterday. Mr. Parr inspected the work already' done, and then went into the class-room and addressed the probationers. He said those before him were starting on one of the most important works ever undertaken in New Zealand. The Dominion was the pioneer as far as the setting up of a State Dental Service for the schools was concerned, and on the women in training rested a great responsibility."
School Dental Service's training carried out by Richmond Dunn (1921-1924) using former NZ Dental Corps equipment
Training was based on the University's dental intermediate exam - chemistry & anatomy, dental treatments & extractions
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
March 1923: First school dental nurses graduate - 29 completed training
In his annual report for the year ending 31 March 1923, Thomas Hunter (Director, Division of Dental Hygiene) wrote:
"Of the thirty-five probationers appointed in April, 1921, twenty-nine have completed the course laid down. One, I regret to say, is deceased, one left to be married, and four resigned under circumstances known to the Public Service Commissioner. These twenty-nine students have now completed two calendar years' training, a period equal to three academical years, and they have made good use of their opportunities. After a period of some months' introductory study and practice on dummy patients they began practical work in November, 1921, and since that time have been occupied under my personal supervision, and for a year under the careful instruction of Mr. Peacock, in dentally treating children in the large clinic which forms the principal part of the training-school. During that time 30,000 dental operations have been performed, chiefly on children of tender age..."
"With regard to the nurses who have completed their training, I expect to place most of these out towards the end of this or beginning of next month... Fifteen new probationers were appointed in October, 1922, and are making good progress with their studies."
Source: Department of Health. Annual Report of Director-General of Health. AJHR, 1923: Session I-H, H-31, p. 42
After being trained, the school dental nurses were registered with NZDA
The Dentists Amendment Act 1921 made it an offence for any unregistered person to practise, with a fine of 100 pounds
The University of Auckland Library
3. School dental NURSING over the decades
1920s
In their first year of the two-year training course, the students attended lectures and worked on natural teeth set up in dummies. The equipment continued to be used from the former NZ Dental Corps and materials from the Featherstone and Trentham military camps.
One dental nurse, who started training in 1925, remembered operating as being "…really hard work’ with poor equipment, old instruments that were hard to keep sharpened, and few burs available. The children’s oral health was still very poor; two students would be assigned to work in the ‘extraction room’ each day and would do a ‘tremendous number of extractions'".
Source: Moffat, S. et al (July 2021): "Part 1: a brief history of New Zealand’s School Dental Service", NZDA News, (University of Otago, p.28)
16 July 1925: Min of Health advised trainees capped at 30 due to accommodation restrictions
Plus, restricting the size of the group to 30 also aided the instructors
National Library of New Zealand
1925: Booklet "Striking facts and records" by Dept of Health on state of public health included children & dental care
In 1924, it was reported that European children had, on average, twice as many filled teeth as Māori children
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
In 1926, a larger Dental School opened at Otago Univ for up to 60 students & Dr Dodds became new Dean from 1927-45
(Introduction of bonded bursaries attracted 103 students in 1923, which led to decision to build larger Dental School)
Auckland Libraries
1920s: Dental drill. Teeth filling materials included amalgam & cement.
Dental Drill
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
In 1925-1926, SDS selected 4 Māori women as dental nurse trainees to care for Māori children, especially in rural areas
On 23 March 1928, one of 1st Māori women to graduate was Perle Taiaroa of Ngāi Tahu who worked until marrying in 1931
National Library of New Zealand
In 1926, "Niho Pai: New Zealand Dental Nurses' Journal" began to be published
Content of Niho Pai (Sound Teeth) included articles on dental heath, as well as stories contributed by students
National Library of New Zealand
In 1927, Govt introduced a subsidy as clinics varied from purpose-built buildings to classrooms & staff rooms being used
Image (1933): A fair being held to raise funds for a dental clinic at Normal School, Epsom
Auckland Libraries
By 1927, there were 47 clinics & age level for treatment was being progressively extended to Standard IV
(Image: Dental Nurses Falconer & Anderson at the Dunedin segment of the NZ & South Seas International Exhibition, 1926)
Hocken Collections - Uare Taoka o Hākena, University of Otago
On 13 April 1929, the Prime Minister announced that dental services would be extended to also include private schools
National Library of New Zealand
19 Oct 1929: Evening Post article on children's dental health & training of dental nurses at Wellington
National Library of New Zealand
1930s
During the economic slump of the 'Great Depression', the expansion of dental services was curtailed in the early 1930s. For administrative purposes, the delivery of dental services was organised into four main districts, with each district under a dental superintendent. Dental clinic committees were responsible for the local administration of treatment centres. Eventually during 1933, an expansion programme began to be developed for dental services to be available to all primary school children. Work began on building a new dental clinic and training school at Willis Street on the former site of Te Aro School, which had relocated to The Terrace, Wellington. The new facilities would serve as a treatment centre for 15,000 local children and as a training centre for dental nurses who'd be stationed throughout NZ.
By 1930, SDS had 93 dental nurses, 147 treatment centres, & 60,269 primary school children (c.50%) received treatment
Image (1930): Hon. A.J. Stallworthy, Minister of Health, opening the dental clinic at Manurewa School
Auckland Libraries
11 March 1930: Deputy Mr. J. L. Saunders to be appointed Director of Dental Hygiene, as Hunter to retire
Delivery of dental services was organised into four main districts, with each district under a Dental Superintendent
National Library of New Zealand
From 29 Aug - 2 Sept 1930, the first conference of New Zealand State dental nurses was held in Wellington
About 60-70 delegates attended & paid their own expenses. The Chair was Mr J. L. Saunders, Director of Dental Hygiene.
National Library of New Zealand
March 1931: Excerpt from "Niho Pai New Zealand Dental Nurses’ Journal" (Vol. VI, No. 1) on impact of Napier earthquake
Hawke's Bay Knowledge Bank
In 1931, Govt announced that due to economic downturn, Dental Clinic Committees to be levied £30 for a nurse
The Committees were responsible for local administration & permitted to charge parents 5 shillngs for child's treatment
National Library of New Zealand
The £30 nurse levy led to protests by Dental Clinic Committees who'd already begun to be levied £30 for dental supplies
Clarification was also sought that treatment to be free where parents unable to pay 5 shillings
National Library of New Zealand
In Nov 1931, the Govt's "Supplementary Estimates" reduced the dental clinic expenses by £2000
In Jan 1932, the Govt appointed a "National Expenditure Commission" which recommended not expanding SDS
National Library of New Zealand
The Govt reduced the building subsidy to Dental Clinic Committees, which led to local fundraising attempts occurring
Image (1932): Queen Carnival to raise money for a dental clinic at Birkenhead Primary School
Auckland Libraries
During 1933, Govt began planning for a larger dental training school & clinic in Wellington to treat 15,000 children
Image (5 April 1933): Dental nurses who have just completed two years' training at the Wellington dental clinic
Auckland Libraries
The new dental training school & clinic to be built on the former site of Te Aro School which had relocated in 1932
Image (Nov 1933): Former Te Aro School on Willis St under demolition. (Building of dental school & clinic began in 1938)
Alexander Turnbull Library
In April 1934, Govt announced 30 school dental trainees selected from 270 applicants to rebuild the dental programme
(During 1931-33, fewer trainees accepted, & some former dental nurses who'd married were re-employed to boost staffing)
National Library of New Zealand
In May 1934, Director of Dental Hygiene (Dr. J. L. Saunders) outlined scope of the treatment received up to Std Four
Nationally, there were 190 school dental nurses, 11 dental officers, & 141 main clinics & 96 sub centres
National Library of New Zealand
In Sept 1934, a new mobile dental clinic began operating by the newly formed Wanganui Mobile Dental Clinic Committee
National Library of New Zealand
The especially designed mobile clinic was towed by a 'motor-lorry' to schools - a first for NZ
National Library of New Zealand
In Oct 1935, media reported that clinics were closing in some areas as local Committee couldn't afford Govt's £30 levy
National Library of New Zealand
In 1935, the first Labour Govt was elected and an expansion policy in health was adopted, including dental care
As approx. 50% of children aged up to 10 years received treatment, the aim was for all children to be treated by 1940
Alexander Turnbull Library
In 1935, the New Zealand State Dental Nurses’ Institute was formed
Image: During 1935 a new style of uniform with a lower neckline was introduced
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
On 1 Feb 1937, Min of Ed announced plans for post-Depression educational expansion, including more trained dental nurses
By end 1936: 252 clinics serving 1,629 schools, 164 dental nurses & 79 trainees (Image: Waiuta School with dental nurse)
National Library of New Zealand
In June 1937, plans announced to convert PM's residence in Tinakori Rd as a temporary dental clinic annexe
National Library of New Zealand
During 1937, extra hostel accommodation for trainees was prepared by converting 'The Mansions' Hotel on Ghuznee St
National Library of New Zealand
In 1937, Govt introduced free milk for primary school children to improve teeth & bone health from calcium in the milk
The free milk porgramme ended in Feb 1967
DigitalNZ
In July 1937, drawing released of dental clinic & training school for dental nurses designed by Govt Architect J.T. Mair
National Library of New Zealand
In 1937, the New Zealand Dental Council was set up under Dentists Act 1936 to enforce standards of professional practice
National Library of New Zealand
In 1938, construction of the dental clinic to treat 15,000 local children & the training school on Willis St began
National Library of New Zealand
Children at a toothbrush drill to improve oral health at Okato School, Taranaki
Alexander Turnbull Library
In 1938, Min of Health began talks with NZDA on free dental care for post-primary under new Social Security Act
The Social Security Act 1938 had introduced superannuation & health schemes, including free hospitals & doctor subsidies
The University of Auckland Library
1940s
Wellington's new training school and clinic opened
12 Jan 1940: Exterior view of nearly completed Dominion Training School & Dental Clinic on Willis St, Wellington
National Library of New Zealand
14 May 1940, the Dominion Training School for Dental Nurses & Dental Clinic was officially opened
National Library of New Zealand
22 May 1940: Photos of nurses training & equipment used
Auckland Libraries
1940: Interior of the main clinic of the Children's Dental Clinic, which was intended to treat 15,000 local children
Alexander Turnbull Library
1940s: Uniform had washable pull-on white half sleeves which were usually starched flat
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
By 1941, Govt abolished £30 levy for dental nurses & £5 levy for child’s care, & paid an annual levy for running costs
Image: Dental nurse & school pupils at the Cape Runaway Dental Clinic
Alexander Turnbull Library
1941: Group of dental nurses. Many trainees stayed at hostels, including the former 'The Mansions' Hotel on Ghuznee St.
Alexander Turnbull Library
1941-1946: “School Dental Service Gazette" published by the Division of Dental Hygiene Department of Health
Thames Museum
Free dental care extended to students in Standards V & VI
Since the passing of the Social Security Act 1938, the School Dental Service (SDS) had sought to expand dental services to Standards V and VI students, followed by post-primary school pupils. However, the advent of the Second World War slowed the Government's plans. Opposition had also been voiced by the NZDA who felt that (a) dentists were more experienced to treat students beyond Year 4; and (b) there was a lack of focus on dental health education and preschool oral health. Following a meeting between the SDS and the NZDA Executive, the latter "acknowledged that they had not been fully aware of the full scope of care the dental nurses offered and that the SDS was, in fact, doing all it could to improve children’s oral health." The outcome was the school dental nurses began providing services to Year V during 1941, followed by Year VI. However, the older children could only be treated if the dental nurses had provided treatment to all preschoolers presenting for care.
Source: Moffat, S. et al (July 2021): "Part 1: a brief history of New Zealand’s School Dental Service", NZDA News, (University of Otago)
On 21 July 1941, Min. of Health stated SDS had begun providing free dental care to Std V, & would be extending to Std VI
NZDA Executive had argued for dentists; then acknowledged the skills of dental nurses after a meeting with SDA
National Library of New Zealand
However, Std V & VI children could only be treated if all preschoolers presenting for care had received treatment
Image (c.1940-1943): Nurse Urquhart with 7 students who've travelled on horseback to visit dental clinic at Te Araroa
Alexander Turnbull Library
Aims of the School Dental Service
In an article published in October 1941, Nurse Cuddon, of the Leeston and Southbridge clinics, stated, "Today there are approximately 300 dental nurses, 140 student dental nurses undergoing training, and 360 dental clinics in the Dominion." She also gave an overview of the history of the School Dental Service and listed the following aims:
The Aims of the School Dental Service:
To educate the parents and children in matters of general and dental health.
To lower the incidence of dental decay. This can only be achieved when parents realise that they are the health makers. Certain simple instructions and rules have been made by the Health Department and until these are carried out intelligently and constantly, marked improvement in the general and dental health of this nation cannot be expected. Anything worth achieving requires effort. We all hear the phrase, "Prevention is better than cure," but, do we really try to prevent dental decay? Do we really feel that a clean mouth is as important as a clean face? Do we in fact consider our teeth are as much part of our bodies as are our fingers and toes?
To provide every primary school child with regular dental treatment...
Source: Ellesmere Guardian (3 Oct 1941): "School Dental Services", Vol XII, Issue 79, p. 5)
Article (3 Oct 1941) on the history of the School Dental Service & its aims, & hints for parents by Nurse Cuddon
National Library of New Zealand
1943: Graduates from the Dominion Training School for Dental Nurses
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
c.1944: A boy receiving dental care in a mobile dental clinic at Te Kaha School, Ōpōtiki
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
c.1944: Children taking part in toothbrush drill, Te Kaha School, Ōpōtiki
Alexander Turnbull Library
Free dental care extended to adolescents up to age 16 in 1947
During 1944 - 1947, discussions were held between the Department of Health and NZDA on providing free dental care to adolescents which would be funded under the Social Security Act 1938. The intent was to have the dental treatment delivered by full-time salaried dental officers staffing dental clinics. Until the number of dental officers required became available, the interim stage was to use fees-for-service private dentists. Initial discussions considered the age up to which adolescents would receive the free dental treatment. A media announcement by the Minister of Health in Dec 1944 stated age 18, whereas an announcement in June 1945 stated 19 years. Eventually in 1947, the Adolescent Dental Service (ADS) was implemented with free dental care provided for adolescents up to age 16. Treatment was given six-monthly to individuals by dentists working in private practice who were contracted for their services and by the larger Hospital Boards. Later, ADS became known as the General Dental Benefit Scheme.
On 19 Dec 1944, Minister of Health announced NZDA had endorsed plans to extend free dental care up to age 18 next year
The scheme to eventually include all adolescents at school or in workforce, depending on staffing availability
National Library of New Zealand
In June 1945, Min. of Health outlined revised proposal for adolescents to age 19, funded under Social Security Act 1938
Fees-for-service private dentists to be used until full-time salaried Dental Officers available at State clinics
National Library of New Zealand
Eventually, in 1947, adolescents up to age 16 received care under the "General Dental Benefit Scheme"
Treatment was given 6 monthly by dentists in private practice working under contract, & by the larger Hospital Boards
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Dental care continued for preschoolers & primary school students
Film (1945) of school children being treated by trainee dental nurses at Wellington (0:32 secs)
The Dominion Training School could seat 49 children in dentists' chairs at the Clinic
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
7 April 1945: Opening of the three-unit dental clinic at Miramar Central School to treat 894 children from 5 schools
Schools: Marist Brothers, Holy Cross Convent, Miramar North, Worser Bay & Miramar Central
National Library of New Zealand
19 Sept 1945: NZ Dental School advert for young women over 17 years, of good health & holding School Certificate
Advert listed training salary & salary on completion of two years training as a school dental nurse
National Library of New Zealand
In 1946, the Dental Clinic at Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School was opened
Palmerston North City Library
After WWII, dental nurses in rural areas used mobile clinics to provide services to children
Image (1949): Mobile clinic at Te Kaha
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
Display of 1940's dental clinic equipment at Historic Village (Feb 1989)
Tauranga City Libraries
1940s: Dept of Health poster encouraging children to protect their teeth by cleaning them immediately after every meal.
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
By 1947, there were 161 dental nurses, 253 clinics, & 89,803 children treated
Palmerston North City Library
1947-50: Staff photo includes Dental Nurse at Shannon School
Kete Horowhenua
c.1949-1950: Exterior of Dental Clinic, Shannon
Kete Horowhenua
c.1949-1950: Interior of Dental Clinic at Shannon School with manually operated treadle drill to the right of the chair
Kete Horowhenua
1940s: Kauri frame folding dental chair with detachable footrest
MOTAT
1950s
School Dental Service's operation attracted overseas interest
In post-World War II years the work of the School Dental Service began to attract overseas interest. Dentists from other countries came to view its operation and several South-East Asian countries began to send student dental nurses for training. See: Moffat, S. (29 Jan 2020), "A bold experiment’: the New Zealand School Dental Service and the Colombo Plan", Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Vol. 50, Issue 1, pp. 47-66).
In post-World War II years the work of the School Dental Service began to attract overseas interest
(Image: A United States television camera man filming a dental nurse at work, 1959)
Alexander Turnbull Library
In Nov 1955, Sir John Kotelawala, Prime Minister of Ceylon, at the New Zealand Dental School, Wellington
Alexander Turnbull Library
Several South-East Asian countries also began to send student dental nurses for training under the Columbo Plan
NZ's SDA helped set up school dental services in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Malaya (Malaysia), Thailand & Singapore
Alexander Turnbull Library
By 1950 there were 226,350 children receiving dental treatment, including many preschoolers
(Image: Appointment card)
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1950: Rongotea School House & newly built Dental Clinic
Feilding Library
Sept 1950: Dental Clinic exterior, Lyall Bay School, Wellington
Alexander Turnbull Library
NZ National Film Unit (1951): "The New Zealand School Dental Nurse" - their training & work (19:34 min)
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
c.1951-52: School Dental Nurse with a young girl at the entrance to the School Dental Clinic
Waimate Museum and Archives
1950s: The wings of the 1940s veil were tucked away, and the veil was pleated in the pin at the back & hem was shorter
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
c.1950-1990: School Dental Nurse's shoes
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Trialling using sodium fluoride to reduce dental decay
In 1947, a review of low fluoride in water & soils contributing to dental decay was published in the NZ Dental Journal
Water fluoridation trials were held in US from 1945 & led to US Public Health endorsing fluoride use on 1 June 1951
Alexander Turnbull Library
By 1950, school dental nurses were advocating sodium fluoride to prevent dental decay
Image (6 April 1950): 'Fluorine and the teeth' display by a dental nurse at Royal Society Exhibition on Health and Food
Alexander Turnbull Library
In 1951, NZDA Hastings branch proposed water fluoridation trial to reduce tooth decay
The Hastings Borough Council began sodium fluoride trial in Feb 1953.
Upper Hutt City Library
Following 1957 Royal Commission of Inquiry into Fluoridation, local authorities could decide whether to use fluoride
Despite support of dentists & Department of Health, adding fluoride to public water supplies became a contentious issue
Nelson Photo News
Post-war "baby boom" led to two new dental schools opening
During the 1950s, there was a post-war 'baby boom' which led to an increase in the number of children for dental treatment, coupled with a post-war labour shortage. To boost the number of dental nurses, two further training schools opened during the 1950s - Auckland (1951) and Christchurch (1956) - whilst the Dominion Training School at Wellington continued to operate. The location of the two new training schools was to attract those unwilling or unable to go to Wellington to train. As the birth rate had decreased during the 1930s Depression years, the teaching, nursing, and dental nursing professions competed for the same smaller number of potential recruits who'd completed their secondary schooling.
At end of 1951, NZ's second dental nurse school opened on Edenvale Rd, Mt Eden, Auckland & its last course ended in 1981
There had been a post-war 'baby boom' & aim was to attract potential trainees unwilling or unable to go to Wellington
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Nurse Brindle carving a horse out of wax, dental school, Auckland
Auckland Libraries
Mt Eden Dental Centre.
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre.
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre.
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre's Hostel where trainees stayed
Mt Eden Dental Centre
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Mt Eden Dental Centre
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Trainee school dental nurses relaxing in the lounge
Mt Eden Dental Centre
Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira
Dental nurse training also continued to take place in Wellington
March 1952: Patients waiting room at Dominion Training School for Dental Nurses, Willis Street, Wellington
Alexander Turnbull Library
c.1950s: Interior of the Children's Dental Clinic, Willis Street, Wellington
Alexander Turnbull Library
NZ National Film Unit (1953): Department of Health: "A friendly career" promotes the School Dental Nurse (13:31 mins)
NZ On Screen
Sept 1954: Dental nurse & patient with a toy horse at the Children's Dental Clinic in Willis Street, Wellington
Alexander Turnbull Library
In 1956, NZ's third dental nurse school opened which was located in Christchurch, & its last course ended in 1981
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Dec 1957: Dental nurses at work at the Tinakori Road Dental Clinic Annexe, Wellington in former prime ministerial house
Alexander Turnbull Library
On 21 March 1958, Miss L. Wimsett celebrated 30 years as a school dental nurse
Palmerston North City Library
1950s: Dept of Health poster: "A Wise Donkey. Raw Fruit Helps to Clean Your Teeth"
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
1950s poster: "An Elephant Never Forgets. Clean YOUR Teeth after Meals and Before Bed"
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
1950s: This poster by the Dept of Health promoted dental health to Māori children
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1950s: Dept of Health poster promoting eating fruit & vegetables (as well as cleaning teeth & visiting dental clinic)
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1960s
1960s: School Dental Service appointment card
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1960s: Pair of dividers (calipers) used during dental training to calculate teeth size to carve exact replica of a tooth
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1960s-70s: Rubber dental bulb used to squeeze water into the mouth of a patient
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
On 4 March 1961, Otago Univ opened larger Dental School to accommodate 240 (60 new trainees annually over 4 years)
Those who received Govt bursaries were bonded for 2-3 years to work at SDS in schools, mainly with older children
Hocken Collections - Uare Taoka o Hākena, University of Otago
Feb 1963: Children & teddy bear with Nurse Buckland at Fairburn Road School Dental Clinic, Otahuhu, Auckland
Auckland Libraries
No date: Pamphlet promoting the School Dental Nurse with training at Wellington, Auckland & Christchurch
By the mid-1960s, approx 270 students were being admitted to the training schools annually
Thames Museum
July 1964: Dental Nurse J.T. Cook at Tauranga Intermediate School
Tauranga City Libraries
July 1966: The Glenview School Dental Clinic, Porirua East
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Sept 1966: Student Nurses at the Wellington Dental School painting plaster models for Dental Health Education
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Sept 1966: Dental Anatomy Class at the Wellington School for Dental Nurses
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Sept 1966: Nurse J.F. Daniell at the Glenview School Dental Clinic at Cannons Creek, Wellington
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
1966: Nurse J.F. Daniell with students inside the Glenview School Dental Clinic
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Sept 1966: School dental chair
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
1966: Department of Health School Dental Service Standing instructions (124 pages)
Thames Museum
Sept 1967: Nurse J.C. Ingle wearing School Dental Nurse badge on a visit to the Fairburn Road School Dental Clinic
Auckland Libraries
Feb 1968: Dental Tutor Sister with a Student Dental Nurse at School for Dental Nurses, Mt. Eden, Auckland
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Feb 1968: Dental Tutor Sister with a Student Dental Nurse
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
March 1968: Mount Roskill Dental Clinic, Auckland
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
3 May 1969: Article & photos on dental care of the children attending Auckland Point School
Nelson Photo News
Aug 1969: Pre-clinical training at the Wellington School for Dental Nurses
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
1970s
By 1970 there were 405 trainees & 1,341 employed. (Image Auckland School for Dental Nurses, Mt Eden, Oct 1970)
Also c.32 dentists "bonded" to SDA for 2-3 yrs for receiving Govt bursary to train at Otago worked mainly at Int schools
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
14 Nov 1970: Interview with dental nurses Helen Sim & Linda Matheson of Nelson Central School
Nelson Photo News
1970s: Mortar & pestle to mix materials for fillings prior to encapsulated fillings & mechanised amalgamators
In 1923, 78.6 extractions completed for every 100 fillings; which reduced by 1970 to 2.8 extractions per 100 fillings
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Organisers and speakers of the School Dental Service jubilee
Christchurch City Libraries
1971: Health stamp issued by NZ Post Office commemorates Golden Jubilee of the School Dental Service
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
May 1971: Child looking at a doll with Dental Nurse Ina Drury at the School Dental Service
Christchurch City Libraries
During 1970s, oral health statistics improved which was partially attributed to water fluoridation & fluoride toothpaste
Image (1971): Toothbrushes in cups lined up in school building
The University of Auckland Library
April 1972: Trainee nurse gives a lesson on Dental Health Education, Mt. Albert Primary School, Auckland.
Preschool health had improved through earlier contact with preschoolers & parents, & classroom lessons
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
April 1972: Dental Nurse in Auckland Dental Clinic with toys to entertain children
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
On 29 March 1974, 600+ school dental nurses protest outside Parliament over low pay & work conditions
Negotiations between PSA Union, Min. for State Services & PM Kirk led to pay rise in May (1st since previous 21 years)
Alexander Turnbull Library
April 1974: Child receiving treatment at a School Dental Clinic in Upper Hutt
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
An international survey (1973) & national survey (1976), led SDS to introduce preventative changes to reduce fillings
(In 1973, WHO's International Collaborative Study of Dental Manpower Systems found NZders had heavily filled teeth)
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
By 1976, all primary-aged children and most preschoolers were under State Dental Service (SDS) care
1977: Belmont Primary School Dental Clinic
Auckland Libraries
Feb 1978: Kit distributed to Canterbury primary schools included Colgate toothpaste, toothbrush & info on how to brush
Christchurch City Libraries
Nov 1978: Treatment at the Willis Street Dental Clinic
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
1980s
In 1981, the Dental Schools at Auckland & Christchurch closed following a review by Minister of Health in 1979
Birth rate had declined & former dental nurses were wanting to return to work; hence less need for new trainees
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Film (1981): "Poster, Rachel! A film about teeth" - children designing posters on tooth care (16:30 min)
Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision
1982: Staff photo includes Dental Nurse at Upper Hutt School
Upper Hutt City Library
Area Health Boards Act 1983 led to Dept of Health's responsibilities, including SDS, decentralised to Area Health Boards
Between 1984-1989, the 27 Hospital Boards were restructured as 14 AHBs & a population-based funding formula introduced
National Library of New Zealand
In 1989, Helen Clark became Min. of Health & reverted primary care & general practice services to Dept of Health
Each Area Health Board now responsible for determining the direction of its own regional school dental service
Upper Hutt City Library
1990s
Training transferred to Dpt of Ed & 'school dental nurses' became 'dental therapists'
School dental nurse training was transferred from the Department of Health to the Department of Education in 1991. The Wellington Polytechnic provided a two-year "Certificate in Dental Therapy" (1991-95) and "Diploma in Dental Therapy" (1996-1999), which led to the school dental nurses being renamed "dental therapists". During 1994, the new profession of 'Dental Hygienist" began training at the Otago Polytechnic. In 1999, the training of dental therapists moved to the University of Otago, followed by dental hygienists in 2001. See timeline chart of dental nurse training and associated legislation included in: The New Zealand Oral Health Association: The New Zealand Oral Health Professions' History - Dental Nurses and Dental Therapists
In 1990, last Dominion Training School course was held by Dept of Health before being transferred to Dept of Education
A 2 week course to train dental therapists on dental hygiene was held by Wellington School for Dental Nurses
Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
In 1990, the Willis St building was partly occupied by Wellington Polytechnic who took over residency in 1991
Massey University
From 1991-1995, the Wellington Polytechnic held the "Certificate in Dental Therapy" 2-yr course at Willis St
In 1994, dental hygienists also began to be trained, with training held at the Otago Polytechnic
Massey University
Dental Nurses became known as Dental Therapists
In 1995, the New Zealand State Dental Nurses’ Institute was renamed New Zealand Dental Therapists’ Association (NZDTA).
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
However, the term 'Dental Nurse' was still in frequent use in school communities
(Image: 1992: Dental Nurse at Wyndham Primary School Dental Clinic )
Wyndham & Districts Historical Museum
In 1995, Te Aō Marama, the New Zealand Māori Dental Association formed as Māori had more decayed teeth than non-Māori
Surveys showed unlikely for preschoolers to enrol in SDS, adolescents use free dental scheme & adults pay due to cost
National Library of New Zealand
From 1995-1999, the Wellington Polytechnic offered 2-yr "Diploma in Dental Therapy"; then closed Willis St building
The building was converted to apartments in 2004
Massey University
In 1999, dental therapists' training centralised at Univ. of Otago, followed by dental hygienists in 2001
The University offered a 2-year "Diploma in Dental Therapy" from 1999 & a 3-yr Bachelor Degree in 2002
Hocken Collections - Uare Taoka o Hākena, University of Otago
2000S
New Zealand Health Strategy (2000) specified “improving oral health” as one of 13 health priorities
Subsequent reviews of SDS revealed poor working facilities, staff shortages, low staff morale, & average age over 50
Ministry of Health
Dental Therapists & Dental Hygienists to register under Health Practitioners’ Competence Assurance Act 2003
Dental Therapists could choose whether to work in COHS or private practice
National Library of New Zealand
In 2004, Dental Council listed courses for accreditation including in NZ: Auckland Univ of Technology (AUT) & Otago Univ
Department of Internal Affairs
New strategic vision for oral health: “Good Oral Health for All for Life” (GOHFAFL)
2003: Public Health Advisory Committee report: "Improving Child Oral Health and Reducing Child Oral Health Inequalities"
The Report led to District Health Boards reviewing oral health services, including services to Māori children
Social Investment Agency
New oral health degree combining dental therapy & dental hygiene offered by AUT (2006) & Univ of Otago (2007)
Graduates to register as both dental therapists & dental hygienists & work in one or both at public & private practices
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
2 May 2006: Report of DHBNZ School Dental Service Review identified 13 priority areas, including improving oral health
The Report's findings included that dental facilities were run-down & the workforce aging
Social Investment Agency
In 2006, Govt began transforming school-based SDS to a Community Oral Health Service (COHS) focused on preventative care
Each District Health Board was required to develop a plan for children from birth to age 18
University of Otago
Children from age 0 to school Y8 receive free COHS dental care; & Y9 - age 18 free care from contracted dentists
Mix of providers (DHBs, primary health organizations, Māori & Pacific providers, & non-govt organizations) reviewed 2014
Social Investment Agency
In 2012, NZ Dental Therapists' Assoc (NZDTA) was renamed the New Zealand Dental and Oral Health Therapists’ Association
Surveys (2004, & 2011-12) showed average age of dental therapist as over 50 years
University of Otago
In 2014, the annual Health Survey showed number of children who had teeth removed had increased
RNZ (23 Dec 2014): Dental Officer Beaglehole calls for Govt action to improve state of children's teeth (13:09 min)
Radio New Zealand
In 2018, there were 741 dental therapists in NZ (Source: 2018 Census)
From Nov 2017, they could register in oral health therapy only & not in both dental therapy & dental hygiene practices
Figure.NZ
In 2018, there were 702 female & 39 male dental therapists
Figure.NZ
The National Māori Oral Health Equity Action Plan 2020-2023 set foundation for equitable health outcomes for Māori
Ministry of Health
Current services
Dental services currently available for young people are described by Health New Zealand Te Whata Ora: Visiting a dentist
Through Te Whata Ora's Community Oral Health Service (COHS), preschool children from birth and Year 0 - Year 8 primary school children receive dental education, preventive and basic dental treatment services free of charge. The dental assessments and treatments may take place with dental therapists and oral therapists in community-based clinics, with dentists providing more specialised treatment if necessary. The clinics may be located at schools in a building provided by the Ministry of Education or built by Te Whata Ora, or in a mobile dental unit run by a private contractor. (See: Ministry of Education: Dental clinics at schools)
Under the Combined Dental Agreement (CDA), which is reviewed every three years, Te Whatu Ora contracts with around 900 oral health providers to deliver free services for adolescents (aged from secondary school Year 9 up to the 18th birthday) and special dental services for children and adolescents. Adolescents are usually provided free dental care by private dentists who are contracted by the local District Health Board. Children and adolescents with special medical needs (such as cleft palate) may be referred by dental and oral health therapists, private dentists, or general practitioners, to receive free hospital dental services.
The Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Act 2022 led to District Health Boards being replaced by Te Whatu Ora
Free dental services for preschool - Y8 at clinics, & for adolescents from Y9 up to 18th birthday by private dentists
Radio New Zealand
Find out more:
Andrew Schmidt and Susan Moffat, 'Dental care', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/dental-care (5 May 2011, reviewed & revised 6 Nov 2018)
Moffat, S. et al (July 2021): "Part 1: a brief history of New Zealand’s School Dental Service", NZDA News, (University of Otago)
Moffat, S. (29 Jan 2020), "A bold experiment’: the New Zealand School Dental Service and the Colombo Plan", Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. (Vol. 50, Issue 1, pp. 47-66).
The New Zealand Oral Health Association: The New Zealand Oral Health Professions' History - Dental Nurses and Dental Therapists
NZ On Screen (2009): Tales from Te Papa - Dental nurse equipment (3:38 min) from WWI to 1960
Tales from Te Papa - Dental Nurse Equipment
NZ On Screen
Doctoral thesis (2015): "From Innovative to Outdated? New Zealand's School Dental Service 1921-1989"
From Innovative to Outdated? New Zealand's School Dental Service 1921-1989
University of Otago
Research paper (11 July 2017): "New Zealand's School Dental Service over the decades"
New Zealand’s School Dental Service over the Decades: Its Response to Social, Political, and Economic Influences, and the Effect on Oral Health Ine...
Directory of Open Access Journals
Te Ara article (2018): "Dental care: Dental nurses to dental therapists"
Dental care: Dental nurses to dental therapists
Manatū Taonga, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage
9 Oct 2021: Article on the history of school dental nurses: "Mouthful of painful memories"
Back Issues: Mouthful of painful memories
Palmerston North City Library
RNZ Article (5 Aug 2021): "Remembering 100 years of free dental care for NZ children"
Remembering 100 years of free dental care for NZ children
Radio New Zealand
NZ On Air (27 June 2023): Interview with Christine McIvor on being a school dental nurse (Part 1: 27:04 min)
Christine McIvor Part 1, School dental nurse - Manawatu Conversations
Palmerston North City Library
NZ On Air (4 July 2023): Interview with Christine McIvor on training as a school dental therapist (25:07 min)
Christine McIvor Part 2, School dental therapist - Manawatu Conversations
Palmerston North City Library